599 Ingredients That Can Be Found in Cigarettes

599 Ingredients That Can Be Found in Cigarettes January 08, 2020 Peter Dazeley/Photographers Choice/Getty Images More in Addiction Nicotine Use The Inside of Cigarettes After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Nicotine Withdrawal Smoking-Related Diseases Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery The Comprehensive Smoking Education Act of 1984 and the Comprehensive Smokeless Tobacco Health Education Act of 1986 mandated for the first time that manufacturers of cigarettes and smokeless tobacco share the ingredients used in their products. Up until this time, tobacco companies were secretive about what was in cigarettes and smokeless tobacco and answered to no one.   As of Dec. 20, 2019, the new legal age limit is 21 years old for purchasing cigarettes, cigars, or any other tobacco products in the U.S. Tobacco Companies and Ingredient Lists As a result of this legislation, the  list of 599 cigarette additives below was submitted to the United States Department of Health and Human Services  by the five major American cigarette companies in April of 1994. Ingredient lists of specific cigarette brands were not shared due to manufacturers proprietary recipes. The tobacco companies reporting this information were: American Tobacco CompanyBrown and WilliamsonLiggett Group, Inc.Philip Morris Inc.RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company Its important to remember that while these ingredients are approved as additives for foods, they were not tested by heating and/or burning them, which can change their properties, sometimes  in a toxic way. The List of 599 Additives in Cigarettes (1994) Acetanisole,  Acetic Acid,  Acetoin,  Acetophenone,  6-Acetoxydihydrotheaspirane,  2-Acetyl-3- Ethylpyrazine,  2-Acetyl-5-Methylfuran,  Acetylpyrazine,  2-Acetylpyridine,  3-Acetylpyridine,  2-Acetylthiazole,  Aconitic Acid,  dl-Alanine,  Alfalfa Extract,  Allspice Extract,Oleoresin, and Oil,  Allyl Hexanoate,  Allyl Ionone,  Almond Bitter Oil,  Ambergris Tincture,  Ammonia,  Ammonium Bicarbonate,  Ammonium Hydroxide,  Ammonium Phosphate Dibasic,  Ammonium Sulfide,  Amyl Alcohol,  Amyl Butyrate,  Amyl Formate,  Amyl Octanoate,  alpha-Amylcinnamaldehyde,  Amyris Oil,  trans-Anethole,  Angelica Root Extract, Oil and Seed Oil,  Anise,  Anise Star, Extract and Oils,  Anisyl Acetate,  Anisyl Alcohol,  Anisyl Formate,  Anisyl Phenylacetate,  Apple Juice Concentrate, Extract, and Skins,  Apricot Extract and Juice Concentrate,  1-Arginine,  Asafetida Fluid Extract And Oil,  Ascorbic Acid,  1-Asparagine Monohydrate,  1-Aspartic Acid. Balsam Peru and Oil,  Basil Oil,  Bay Leaf, Oil and Sweet Oil,  Beeswax White,  Beet Juice Concentrate,  Benzaldehyde,  Benzaldehyde Glyceryl Acetal,  Benzoic Acid, Benzoin,  Benzoin Resin,  Benzophenone,  Benzyl Alcohol,  Benzyl Benzoate,  Benzyl Butyrate,  Benzyl Cinnamate,  Benzyl Propionate,  Benzyl Salicylate,  Bergamot Oil,  Bisabolene,  Black Currant Buds Absolute,  Borneol,  Bornyl Acetate,  Buchu Leaf Oil,  1,3-Butanediol,  2,3-Butanedione,  1-Butanol,  2-Butanone,  4(2-Butenylidene)-3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-Cyclohexen-1-One,  Butter, Butter Esters, and Butter Oil,  Butyl Acetate,  Butyl Butyrate,  Butyl Butyryl Lactate,  Butyl Isovalerate,  Butyl Phenylacetate,  Butyl Undecylenate,  3-Butylidenephthalide,  Butyric Acid. Cadinene,  Caffeine,  Calcium Carbonate,  Camphene,  Cananga Oil,  Capsicum Oleoresin,  Caramel Color,  Caraway Oil,  Carbon Dioxide,  Cardamom Oleoresin, Extract, Seed Oil, and Powder,  Carob Bean and Extract,  beta-Carotene,  Carrot Oil,  Carvacrol,  4-Carvomenthenol,  1-Carvone,  beta-Caryophyllene,  beta-Caryophyllene Oxide,  Cascarilla Oil and Bark Extract,  Cassia Bark Oil,  Cassie Absolute and Oil,  Castoreum Extract, Tincture and Absolute,  Cedar Leaf Oil,  Cedarwood Oil Terpenes and Virginiana,  Cedrol,  Celery Seed Extract, Solid, Oil, And Oleoresin,  Cellulose Fiber,  Chamomile Flower Oil And Extract,  Chicory Extract,  Chocolate,  Cinnamaldehyde,  Cinnamic Acid,  Cinnamon leaf Oil, Bark Oil, and Extract,  Cinnamyl Acetate,  Cinnamyl Alcohol,  Cinnamyl Cinnamate,  Cinnamyl Isovalerate,  Cinnamyl Propionate,  Citral,  Citric Acid,  Citronella Oil,  dl-Citronellol,  Citronellyl Butyrate,  Citronellyl Isobutyrate,  Civet Absolute,  Clary Oil,  Clover Tops, Red Solid Extract,  Cocoa,  Cocoa Shells, Extract, Distillate And Powder,  Coconut Oil,  Coffee,  Cognac White and Green Oil,  Copaiba Oil,  Coriander Extract and Oil,  Corn Oil,  Corn Silk,  Costus Root Oil,  Cubeb Oil,  Cuminaldehyde,  para-Cymene,  1-Cysteine. Dandelion Root Solid Extract,  Davana Oil,  2-trans, 4-trans-Decadienal,  delta-Decalactone,  gamma-Decalactone,  Decanal,  Decanoic Acid,  1-Decanol,  2-Decenal,  Dehydromenthofurolactone,  Diethyl Malonate,  Diethyl Sebacate,  2,3-Diethylpyrazine,  Dihydro Anethole,  5,7-Dihydro-2-Methylthieno(3,4-D) Pyrimidine,  Dill Seed Oil and Extract,  meta-Dimethoxybenzene,  para-Dimethoxybenzene,  2,6-Dimethoxyphenol,  Dimethyl Succinate,  3,4-Dimethyl-1,2 Cyclopentanedione,  3,5- Dimethyl-1,2-Cyclopentanedione,  3,7-Dimethyl-1,3,6-Octatriene,  4,5-Dimethyl-3-Hydroxy-2,5-Dihydrofuran-2-One,  6,10-Dimethyl-5,9-Undecadien-2-One,  3,7-Dimethyl-6-Octenoic Acid,  2,4 Dimethylacetophenone,  alpha,para-Dimethylbenzyl Alcohol,  alpha,alpha-Dimethylphenethyl Acetate,  alpha,alpha Dimethylphenethyl Butyrate,  2,3-Dimethylpyrazine,  2,5-Dimethylpyrazine,  2,6 DimethylpyrazinDimethyltetrahydrobenzofuranone,  delta-Dodecalactone,  gamma-Dodecalactone. Para-Ethoxybenzaldehyde,  Ethyl 10-Undecenoate,  Ethyl 2-Methylbutyrate,  Ethyl Acetate,  Ethyl Acetoacetate,  Ethyl Alcohol,  Ethyl Benzoate,  Ethyl Butyrate,  Ethyl Cinnamate,  Ethyl Decanoate  Fenchol,  Ethyl Furoate,  Ethyl Heptanoate,  Ethyl Hexanoate,  Ethyl Isovalerate,  Ethyl Lactate,  Ethyl Laurate,  Ethyl Levulinate,  Ethyl Maltol,  Ethyl Methyl Phenylglycidate,  Ethyl Myristate,  Ethyl Nonanoate,  Ethyl Octadecanoate,  Ethyl Octanoate,  Ethyl Oleate,  Ethyl Palmitate,  Ethyl Phenylacetate,  Ethyl Propionate,  Ethyl Salicylate,  Ethyl trans-2-Butenoate,  Ethyl Valerate,  Ethyl Vanillin,  2-Ethyl (or Methyl)-(3,5 and 6)-Methoxypyrazine,  2-Ethyl-1-Hexanol, 3-Ethyl -2 -Hydroxy-2-Cyclopenten-1-One,  2-Ethyl-3, (5 or 6)-Dimethylpyrazine,  5-Ethyl-3-Hydroxy-4-Methyl-2(5H)-Furanone,  2-Ethyl-3-Methylpyrazine,  4-Ethylbenzaldehyde,  4-Ethylguaiacol,  para-Ethylphenol,  3-Ethylpyridine,  Eucalyptol. Farnesol,  D-Fenchone,  Fennel Sweet Oil,  Fenugreek, Extract, Resin, and Absolute,  Fig Juice Concentrate,  Food Starch Modified,  Furfuryl Mercaptan,  4-(2-Furyl)-3-Buten-2-One. Galbanum Oil,  Genet Absolute,  Gentian Root Extract,  Geraniol,  Geranium Rose Oil,  Geranyl Acetate,  Geranyl Butyrate,  Geranyl Formate,  Geranyl Isovalerate,  Geranyl Phenylacetate,  Ginger Oil and Oleoresin,  1-Glutamic Acid,  1-Glutamine,  Glycerol,  Glycyrrhizin Ammoniated,  Grape Juice Concentrate,  Guaiac Wood Oil,  Guaiacol,  Guar Gum. 2,4-Heptadienal,  gamma-Heptalactone,  Heptanoic Acid,  2-Heptanone,  3-Hepten-2-One,  2-Hepten-4-One,  4-Heptenal,  trans -2-Heptenal,  Heptyl Acetate,  omega-6-Hexadecenlactone,  gamma-Hexalactone,  Hexanal,  Hexanoic Acid,  2-Hexen-1-Ol,,  3-Hexen-1-Ol,  cis-3-Hexen-1-Yl Acetate,  2-Hexenal,  3-Hexenoic Acid,  trans-2-Hexenoic Acid,  cis-3-Hexenyl Formate,  Hexyl 2-Methylbutyrate,  Hexyl Acetate,  Hexyl Alcohol,  Hexyl Phenylacetate,  1-Histidine,  Honey,  Hops Oil,  Hydrolyzed Milk Solids,  Hydrolyzed Plant Proteins,  5-Hydroxy-2,4-Decadienoic Acid delta- Lactone,  4-Hydroxy-2,5-Dimethyl-3(2H)-Furanone,  2-Hydroxy-3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-Cyclohexen-1-One,  4-Hydroxy -3-Pentenoic Acid Lactone,  2-Hydroxy-4-Methylbenzaldehyde,  4-Hydroxybutanoic Acid Lactone,  Hydroxycitronellal,  6-Hydroxydihydrotheaspirane,  4-(para-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-Butanone,  Hyssop Oil.   Immortelle Absolute and Extract,  alpha-Ionone,  beta-Ionone,  alpha-Irone,  Isoamyl Acetate,  Isoamyl Benzoate,  Isoamyl Butyrate,  Isoamyl Cinnamate,  Isoamyl Formate, Isoamyl Hexanoate,  Isoamyl Isovalerate,  Isoamyl Octanoate,  Isoamyl Phenylacetate,  Isobornyl Acetate,  Isobutyl Acetate,  Isobutyl Alcohol,  Isobutyl Cinnamate,  Isobutyl Phenylacetate,  Isobutyl Salicylate,  2-Isobutyl-3-Methoxypyrazine,  alpha-Isobutylphenethyl Alcohol,  Isobutyraldehyde,  Isobutyric Acid,  d,l-Isoleucine,  alpha-Isomethylionone,  2-Isopropylphenol,  Isovaleric Acid. Jasmine Absolute, Concrete, and Oil.   Kola Nut Extract. Labdanum Absolute and Oleoresin,  Lactic Acid,  Lauric Acid,  Lauric Aldehyde,  Lavandin Oil,  Lavender Oil,  Lemon Oil and Extract,  Lemongrass Oil,  1-Leucine,  Levulinic Acid,  Licorice Root, Fluid, Extract and Powder,  Lime Oil,  Linalool,  Linalool Oxide,  Linalyl Acetate,  Linden Flowers,  Lovage Oil And Extract,  1-Lysine. Mace Powder, Extract and Oil,  Magnesium Carbonate,  Malic Acid,  Malt and Malt Extract,  Maltodextrin,  Maltol,  Maltyl Isobutyrate,  Mandarin Oil,  Maple Syrup and Concentrate,  Mate Leaf, Absolute and Oil,  para-Mentha-8-Thiol-3-One,  Menthol,  Menthone,  Menthyl Acetate,  dl-Methionine,  Methoprene,  2-Methoxy-4-Methylphenol,  2-Methoxy-4-Vinylphenol,  para-Methoxybenzaldehyde,  1-(para-Methoxyphenyl)-1-Penten-3-One,  4-(para-Methoxyphenyl)-2-Butanone,  1-(para-Methoxyphenyl)-2-Propanone,  Methoxypyrazine,  Methyl 2-Furoate,  Methyl 2-Octynoate,  Methyl 2-Pyrrolyl Ketone,  Methyl Anisate,  Methyl Anthranilate,  Methyl Benzoate,  Methyl Cinnamate,  Methyl Dihydrojasmonate,  Methyl Ester of Rosin, Partially Hydrogenated,  Methyl Isovalerate,  Methyl Linoleate (48%),  Methyl Linolenate (52%) Mixture,  Methyl Naphthyl Ketone,  Methyl Nicotinate,  Methyl Phenylacetate,  Methyl Salicylate,  Methyl Sulfide,  3-Methyl-1-Cyclopentadecanone,  4-Methyl-1-Phenyl-2-Pentanone,  5-Methyl-2-Phen yl-2-Hexenal,  5-Methyl-2-Thiophenecarboxaldehyde,  6-Methyl-3,-5-Heptadien-2-One,  2-Methyl-3-(para-Isopropylphenyl) Propionaldehyde,  5-Methyl-3-Hexen-2-One,  1-Methyl-3Methoxy-4-Isopropylbenzene,  4-Methyl-3-Pentene-2-One,  2-Methyl-4-Phenylbutyraldehyde,  6-Methyl-5-Hepten-2-One,  4-Methyl-5-Thiazoleethanol,  4-Methyl-5-Vinylthiazole,  Methyl-trans-2-Butenoic Acid,  4-Methylacetophenone,  para-Methylanisole,  alpha-Methylbenzyl Acetate,  alpha-Methylbenzyl Alcohol,  2-Methylbutyraldehyde,  3-Methylbutyraldehyde,  2-Methylbutyric Acid,  alpha-Methylcinnamaldehyde,  Methylcyclopentenolone,  2-Methylheptanoic Acid,  2-Methylhexanoic Acid,  3-Methylpentanoic Acid,  4-Methylpentanoic Acid,  2-Methylpyrazine,  5-Methylquinoxaline,  2-Methyltetrahydrofuran-3-One,  (Methylthio)Methylpyrazine (Mixture Of Isomers),  3-Methylthiopropionaldehyde,  Methyl 3-Methylthiopropionate,  2-Methylvaleric Acid,  Mimosa Absolute and Extract,  Molasses Extract and Tincture,  Mountain Maple Solid Extract ,  Mullein Flowers,  Myristaldehyde,  Myristic Acid,  Myrrh Oil. Beta-Napthyl Ethyl Ether,  Nerol,  Neroli Bigarde Oil,  Nerolidol,  Nona-2-trans,6-cis-Dienal,  2,6-Nonadien-1-Ol,  gamma-Nonalactone,  Nonanal,  Nonanoic Acid,  Nonanone,  trans-2-Nonen-1-Ol,  2-Nonenal,  Nonyl Acetate,  Nutmeg Powder and Oil. Oak Chips Extract and Oil,  Oak Moss Absolute,  9,12-Octadecadienoic Acid (48%) And 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic Acid (52%),  delta-Octalactone,  gamma-Octalactone,  Octanal,  Octanoic Acid,  1-Octanol,  2-Octanone,  3-Octen-2-One,  1-Octen-3-Ol,  1-Octen-3-Yl Acetate,  2-Octenal,  Octyl Isobutyrate,  Oleic Acid,  Olibanum Oil,  Opoponax Oil And Gum,  Orange Blossoms Water, Absolute, and Leaf Absolute,  Orange Oil and Extract,  Origanum Oil,  Orris Concrete Oil and Root Extract. Palmarosa Oil,  Palmitic Acid,  Parsley Seed Oil,  Patchouli Oil,  omega-Pentadecalactone,  2,3-Pentanedione,  2-Pentanone,  4-Pentenoic Acid,  2-Pentylpyridine,  Pepper Oil, Black And White,  Peppermint Oil,  Peruvian (Bois De Rose) Oil,  Petitgrain Absolute, Mandarin Oil and Terpeneless Oil,  alpha-Phellandrene,  2-Phenenthyl Acetate,  Phenenthyl Alcohol,  Phenethyl Butyrate,  Phenethyl Cinnamate,  Phenethyl Isobutyrate,  Phenethyl Isovalerate,  Phenethyl Phenylacetate,  Phenethyl Salicylate,  1-Phenyl-1-Propanol,  3-Phenyl-1-Propanol,  2-Phenyl-2-Butenal,  4-Phenyl-3-Buten-2-Ol,  4-Phenyl-3-Buten-2-One,  Phenylacetaldehyde,  Phenylacetic Acid,  1-Phenylalanine,  3-Phenylpropionaldehyde,  3-Phenylpropionic Acid,  3-Phenylpropyl Acetate,  3-Phenylpropyl Cinnamate,  2-(3-Phenylpropyl)Tetrahydrofuran,  Phosphoric Acid,  Pimenta Leaf Oil,  Pine Needle Oil, Pine Oil, Scotch,  Pineapple Juice Concentrate,  alpha-Pinene, beta-Pinene,  D-Piperitone,  Piperonal,  Pipsissewa Leaf Extract,  P lum Juice,  Potassium Sorbate,  1-Proline,  Propenylguaethol,  Propionic Acid,  Propyl Acetate,  Propyl para-Hydroxybenzoate,  Propylene Glycol,  3-Propylidenephthalide,  Prune Juice and Concentrate,  Pyridine,  Pyroligneous Acid And Extract,  Pyrrole,  Pyruvic Acid. Raisin Juice Concentrate,  Rhodinol,  Rose Absolute and Oil,  Rosemary Oil,  Rum,  Rum Ether,  Rye Extract. Sage, Sage Oil, and Sage Oleoresin,  Salicylaldehyde,  Sandalwood Oil, Yellow,  Sclareolide,  Skatole,  Smoke Flavor,  Snakeroot Oil,  Sodium Acetate,  Sodium Benzoate,Sodium Bicarbonate,  Sodium Carbonate,  Sodium Chloride,  Sodium Citrate,  Sodium Hydroxide,  Solanone,  Spearmint Oil,  Styrax Extract, Gum and Oil,  Sucrose Octaacetate,  Sugar Alcohols,  Sugars. Tagetes Oil,  Tannic Acid,  Tartaric Acid,  Tea Leaf and Absolute,  alpha-Terpineol,  Terpinolene,  Terpinyl Acetate,  5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroquinoxaline,  1,5,5,9-Tetramethyl-13-Oxatricyclo(8.3.0.0(4,9))Tridecane,  2,3,4,5, and 3,4,5,6-Tetramethylethyl-Cyclohexanone,  2,3,5,6-Tetramethylpyrazine,  Thiamine Hydrochloride,  Thiazole,  1-Threonine,  Thyme Oil, White and Red,  Thymol,  Tobacco Extracts,  Tochopherols (mixed),  Tolu Balsam Gum and Extract,  Tolualdehydes,  para-Tolyl 3-Methylbutyrate,  para-Tolyl Acetaldehyde,  para-Tolyl Acetate,  para-Tolyl Isobutyrate,  para-Tolyl Phenylacetate,  Triacetin,  2-Tridecanone,  2-Tridecenal,  Triethyl Citrate,  3,5,5-Trimethyl -1-Hexanol,  para,alpha,alpha-Trimethylbenzyl Alcohol,  4-(2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohex-1-Enyl)But-2-En-4-One,  2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohex-2-Ene-1,4-Dione,  2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-Dienyl Methan,  4-(2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-Dienyl)But-2-En-4-One,  2,2,6-Trimethylcyclohexanone,  2,3,5-Trimethylpyrazine,  1-Tyrosine.   Delta-Undercalactone,  Gamma-Undecalactone,  Undecanal,  2-Undecanone, 1,  0-Undecenal,  Urea. Valencene,  Valeraldehyde,  Valerian Root Extract, Oil and Powder,  Valeric Acid,  gamma-Valerolactone,  Valine,  Vanilla Extract And Oleoresin,  Vanillin,  Veratraldehyde,  Vetiver Oil,  Vinegar,  Violet Leaf Absolute. Walnut Hull Extract,  Water,  Wheat Extract And Flour,  Wild Cherry Bark Extract,  Wine and Wine Sherry. Xanthan Gum,  3,4-Xylenol. Yeast. How Cigarette Ingredients Are Reported Now As part of the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act that was signed into law on June 22, 2009, manufacturers were required to submit ingredient lists to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for each tobacco brand (and sub-brand) that was on the market as of that date. A full accounting of the ingredients, including how much is used,  was  required. Going forward, if ingredients or quantities change, the FDA must be notified of this also. New tobacco products must be submitted to the FDA for approval before going to market. The FDA still cannot divulge proprietary recipes for certain brands, so the public cant access this information. However, RJ Reynolds published a complete list online of all of the ingredients used in their tobacco products. They also supply ingredient lists for specific brands, though some ingredients  are listed as natural and artificial flavors to protect confidential commercial information.   RJ Reynolds List of Ingredients (2015) Acetanisole, Acetoin, Acetophenone, 2-Acetylpyrazine, l-Alanine, Alginate Ammonium,  Ammonium Hydroxide, Amyris Oil, trans-Anethole, Anisaldehyde, Anisyl Acetate, Apple Juice Concentrate, l-Arginine, Ascorbic Acid, l-Aspartic Acid, Beeswax Absolute, Benzaldehyde, Benzaldehyde Glyceryl Acetal, Benzoin Resin, Benzyl Alcohol, Benzyl Cinnamate, Brown Sugar, Buten-2-one, 4-(2-Furyl)-3-, Butter Starter Distillate, n-Butyl Isovalerate, Butyric Acid. Caramel Color, Carbon, Carbon Dioxide, Cardamom Powder, Cardamon Oil, Carob Bean Extract, Carvone, l-Carvone, beta-Caryophyllene, beta-Caryophyllene Oxide, Cassia Bark Oil, Castoreum Extract, Cellulose, Cellulose Fiber, Chicory Extract, Chocolate Liquor, Cinnamyl Acetate, Cinnamyl Alcohol, Citric Acid, Citronella Oil, Clary Sage Extract, Cocoa (Extract, Powder, Extractive), Cocoa Extract, Coffee Beans - Ground and Extract, Cognac Oil, Coriander Oil, Corn Syrup. beta-Damascenone, beta-Damascone, delta-Decalactone, gamma-Decalactone, Decanoic Acid, Dextrose, Diammonium Phosphate, 2,3-Diethylpyrazine, 4,5-Dimethyl-3-Hydroxy-2,5-Dihydrofuran-2-one, 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine, delta-Dodecalactone. Ethyl Acetate, Ethyl Alcohol, Ethyl Benzoate, Ethyl Butyrate, Ethyl Caproate, Ethyl Cinnamate, Ethyl Cyclotene, Ethyl Heptanoate, Ethyl Isovalerate, Ethyl Lactate, Ethyl Levulinate, Ethyl Maltol, Ethyl Pentanoate, Ethyl Phenylacetate, Ethyl Vanillin, Ethyl-2-Methylbutyrate, 2-Ethyl-3,5(or 6)-Dimethylpyrazine, 5-Ethyl-3-Hydroxy-4-Methyl-2(5H)-Furanone, 2-Ethyl-3-Methylpyrazine, Eucalyptol. Fenugreek Extract, Fenugreek Seed, and Absolute, Fig extract, Fig Juice Concentrate, Furaneol. Geraniol, Geranium Bourbon Oil, Geranyl Acetone, Ginger  Oil, Glucose, Glycerides, Mixed Decanoyl and Octanoyl, Glycerin, Graphite, Guaiacol, Guar Gum, gamma-Heptalactone. Heptanoic Acid, omega-6-Hexadecenlactone, Hexanoic Acid, Hexyl Acetate, High Fructose Corn Syrup, Honey, Hydrogenated Glucose Syrup, 4-p-Hydroxyphenyl-2-butanone. Immortelle Extract, Isoamyl Acetate, Isoamyl Isovalerate, Isoamyl Phenylacetate, Isobutyl Cinnamate, Isobutyl Phenylacetate, alpha-Isobutylphenethyl Alcohol, Isobutyraldehyde, Isobutyric Acid, Isovaleraldehyde, Isovaleric Acid, Lactic Acid. Lemon Oil Terpeneless, Licorice, Licorice Extract and Extract Powder, Lime Oil, Linalool, Linalyl Acetate, Lovage Extract and Root, Lovage Oil, l-Lysine Hydrochloride. Malic Acid, Malt Extract, Maltodextrin, Maltol, Mandarin Oil, Mate Extract, Menthol, l-Menthol, 2-Methoxy-4-Methylphenol, Methoxymethylpyrazine, Methyl Acetophenone, 2-Methyl Pentanoic Acid, 6-Methyl-3,5-Heptadien-2-One, 2-Methylbutyric Acid, Methylcyclopentenolone, 2-Methylpyrazine, 3-Methylvaleric Acid, Molasses, Myrrh Absolute, Myrrh Extract, and Oil. Neroli Bigarade Oil, Nerolidol, gamma-Nonalactone, Nutmeg Oil. gamma-Octalactone, Octanoic Acid, 1-Octen-3-ol, Orange Oil, Orange Oil Sweet Terpeneless, Orange Oil Terpeneless, Orris Root Extract. 2,3-Pentanedione, 2-Pentanone, Peppermint Oil Terpeneless, Peru Balsam Oil, Phenethyl Acetate, Phenyl Acetic Acid, Phenylacetaldehyde, Phenylethyl Alcohol, Phosphoric Acid, Pineapple Juice Concentrate, alpha-Pinene, beta-Pinene, Piperonal, Pipsissewa Leaf Extract, Potassium Carbonate, Potassium Sorbate, Propenylguaethol (Vanitrope), Propionic Acid, Propyl Acetate, Propylene Glycol, 3-Propylidenephthalide, Prune Juice Concentrate, Pyroligneous Acid, Hickory. Rose Oil Turkish, Rosemary Oil, Rum Ether, Specially Denatured Rum #4. Sage Oil, Salicylic Aldehyde, Sandalwood Oil, Yellow, Sodium Bicarbonate, Sodium Carbonate, Sodium Citrate, Spearmint Oil, Specially Denatured Alcohol #4, Styrax, Sugar, Sugarbeet Juice Concentrate. Tangerine Oil Terpeneless, Tartaric Acid, alpha-Terpineol, Terpinyl Acetate, 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroquinoxaline, 2,3,5,6-Tetramethylpyrazine, Tolu Balsam Gum, p-Tolyl Isobutyrate, p-Tolyl Phenylacetate,  Triacetin, Triethyl Citrate,  2,6,6-Trimethyl-2-Cyclohexene-1,4-Dione,  2,3,5-Trimethylpyrazine. delta-Undecalactone, gamma-Undecalactone. Valerian Root Oil,  Vanilla Extract, Vanilla Oleoresin, Vanillin,  Veratraldehyde. Water. Facts and Stats You Should Know About Smoking Cigarette Smoke To date, 7,000 chemical compounds have been identified  in cigarette smoke, including 250 poisonous and 70  carcinogenic  chemicals.  Carbon monoxide,  arsenic,  hydrogen cyanide,  and  benzene  are all present in cigarette smoke, along with a  host of others.The next time youre missing your old buddy, the cigarette, think about this list and recognize cigarettes for what they are: a delivery system for toxic chemicals and carcinogens. Cigarettes offer you only a multitude of smoking-related diseases and ultimately death.

How to Calculate Atomic Weight

The atomic weight of an element depends on the abundance of its isotopes. If you know the mass of the isotopes and the fractional abundance of the isotopes, you can calculate the elements atomic weight in atomic mass units (expressed as u, Da, or amu). The atomic weight is calculated by adding the mass of each isotope multiplied by its fractional abundance. For example, for an element with 2 isotopes: atomic weight massa x fracta massb x fractb If there were three isotopes, you would add a c entry. If there were four isotopes, youd add a d, etc. Atomic Weight Calculation Example If chlorine has two naturally-occurring isotopes where: Cl-35 mass is 34.968852 and fract is 0.7577Cl-37 mass is 36.965303 and fract is 0.2423 atomic weight massa x fracta massb x fracb atomic weight 34.968852 x 0.7577 36.965303 x 0.2423 atomic weight 26.496 amu 8.9566 amu atomic weight 35.45 amu Tips for Calculating Atomic Weight The sum of the fractional abundance values must equal 1.Be sure to use the mass or weight of each isotope and not its mass number.

The Garden Of Love By William Blake - 1420 Words

In William Blake’s poem, The Garden of Love, the speaker is trying to convey that life is in a constant state of inconsistency and that nothing can remain uniform. Blake uses religion in a negative light to convey that restriction on life, particularly love, corrupts life and prevents you from experiencing happiness. The main conflict presented in this poem is between the individual and religion. Blake uses religious symbols such as chapels, graves, and priests to show how religion can destroy the natural lover and creator in a person. The inconsistency of life emphasized in the poem refers to the mental state of a human from youth to adulthood. Blake shows the readers that whether you are child, adult, or elder, life does not remain constant through his telling of a life experience. Blake demonstrates this by using different poetic forms, such as imagery and symbolism, to show you the sentimental meaning behind the church and nature which can only be perceived through adultho od. In the end, The Garden of love shows how negative energy can destroy a once positive environment. The dominant image that the ‘Garden of Love’ portrays is the Garden of Eden in the Old Testament, before the fall of mankind. When Adam and Eve lived in the garden of Eden, they possessed the innocence of children, however the speaker is now revisiting the garden after the fall, where sexuality is now repressed by the church. The image of the speaker playing â€Å"on the green† evokes an image of youth,Show MoreRelated William Blake and The Garden of Love Essay1531 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Blake and The Garden of Love    At first glance, the poetry of William Blake may appear simplistic; he writes most often in regular metrical rhythm, apparently sticking to the rules, blunt observations on such mundane subjects as tigers, lambs and roses.   But if one were to finish with Blake and move on, left with only these initial impressions, it would be a great pity; true enjoyment of this poet can only come about through some understanding of his life, Read MoreWilliam Blake s Poem The Garden Of Love Essay1111 Words   |  5 Pagesand Living in Blake and Gray The church played a critical role in the process of memorializing the dead in the nineteenth century. For instance, William Blake in his poem â€Å"The Garden of Love† depicts death as an abstract concept between the living and deceased due to the interference of an institutionalized church. Adversely, Thomas Gray in â€Å"Elegy in a Country Churchyard† describes a church that embraces the dead, which allows a more individualized approach to the departed. Blake and Gray’s useRead MorePoetry Analysis Between Taylor Swift and William Blake976 Words   |  4 Pageslinks can you make between the world of your poets and your world?’ Love and the breakdown of love or relationships is a theme explored in many poems. The songs Long Live by Taylor Swift and the poems The Sick Rose and The Garden of Love by William Blake all question and explore the theme of love. The song, Long Live, by Taylor Swift, was written in 2010. At first listening to the song, we hear a fun, buoyant song about love, friendship and loss. However, careful analysis reveals a complex pieceRead More How do William Blake and William Wordsworth respond to nature in their811 Words   |  4 PagesHow do William Blake and William Wordsworth respond to nature in their poetry? The Romantic Era was an age, which opened during the Industrial (1800-1900) and French Revolution (1789). These ages affected the romantic poets greatly by disrupting and polluting nature. Before the Industrial Revolution, William Blake wrote about Songs of Innocence. He also wrote Songs of Experience but after the Industrial Revolution. William Wordsworth, on the other hand, continued on an optimistic routeRead MoreEssay about William Blake’s Poetry1541 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Blake’s Poetry William Blake was one of those 19th century figures who could have and should have been beatniks, along with Rimbaud, Verlaine, Manet, Cezanne and Whitman. He began his career as an engraver and artist, and was an apprentice to the highly original Romantic painter Henry Fuseli. In his own time he was valued as an artist, and created a set of watercolor illustrations for the Book of Job that were so wildly but subtly colored they would have looked perfectly at home inRead MoreWilliam Blake As An Apprentice Essay1543 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Blake born in London on the 28th of November in 1757 to a hosier names James and Catherine Blake with six siblings and 2 died in early age. Blake spoke of having visions in his early childhood. He saw god putting his head to the window when he was at the age of four and around the age of nine, he saw a tree filled with angels while walking through the countryside. His parents notice that he was different from his other siblings and they did no t force him to attend conservative school. BlakeRead MoreEssay on William Blake as a Critic of His Time838 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Blake as a Critic of His Time Blake took an active role in exposing the corruption taking place in his society. Prime targets of his criticisms were the institutions that remained silent in the faces of injustice. Blake stands agains the institutions that allow human oppression. Three of his poems from Songs of Experience present his views on the matter: The Chimney Sweeper, The Garden of Love, and London. In The Chimney Sweeper, Blake takes his stand against the the calamitiesRead MoreEssay Songs about Life712 Words   |  3 PagesIn Songs of Innocence and Experience (1789 and 1794), William Blake arouses readers minds and leads them into a path of finding their own answers and conclusions to his poems. He sets up his poems in the first book, Songs of Innocence, with a few questions as if they were asked from a childs perspective since children are considered the closest representation of innocence in life. However, in the second book, Songs of Experience, Blakes continues to write his poems about thought-provoking conceptsRead MoreOrganized Religion Versus Sprituality in William Blakes Poetry990 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Blake was a poet and artist who was born in London, England in 1757. He lived 69 years, and although his work went largely unnoticed during his lifetime, he is now considered a prominent English Romantic poet. Blake’s religious views, and his philosophy that â€Å"man is god†, ran against the religious thoughts at the time, and some might equate Blake’s views to those of the hippie movement of the 20th century. In â€Å"The Garden of Love†, the conflict between organized religion and individual thoughtRead MoreEssay about Analysis of Poem, The Garden of Love737 Words   |  3 PagesAnalysis of Poem, The Garden of Love from William Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Experience Blake’s poems are divided into two sections, Songs of Experience and Songs of Innocence. Under Songs of Innocence, Blake seems to present his readers with innocence as freedom from sin, moral wrong, and guilt. In Songs of Experience, Blake seems to present the faults and sufferings of mankind. Innocence and experience are contradictory viewpoints. When one is innocent, one is not aware, therefore

Participatory Workplace Free Essays

The organization to which I am affiliated employs about five employees. The owner of the workplace is our boss. Typically, the organization is receptionist; that is, it is produces service-oriented products. We will write a custom essay sample on Participatory Workplace or any similar topic only for you Order Now The organization produces only hair products since it has limited resources to diversify product sale. Compared with other business establishments, the organization is small. In my 25 years of work, the organization grew little probably because its capital base was insufficient for expanding capital outlay. The organization though continues to provide the public quality hair products. Its supply chain of hair products is relatively open and diverse. The organization can procure hair products from different manufacturers. This makes transactions more competitive (because of the existence of many manufacturers). The organization is typically controlled by the principles of human resource management. Independent contractors are used for the procurement of supplies. Hiring of employees involves several stages. First is the identification of positions vacant. Second is finding potential recruits to fill these vacancies. Third is training the recruits to ensure that they will become high performing employees. The selected recruits will be hired. They will be given employment packages and benefits (corollary to their type of work). Terms of employment and regulations of the firm will be discussed in scheduled sessions. This is done to make the employees aware of the firm’s policies and current economic standing. Regulations will serve as limits to employee behavior in the workplace. Most of the time, regulations are systematically arranged in manuals which are given to employees. In the case of my organization, selection of potential employees is easy and not as restrictive as that of large business establishments. Usually, selection of potential employees and the training period are limited to 2 or 3 weeks. Orientation of the organization’s policies and regulations usually take a day (this is so since the organization is small). In sociology, centralization is defined as the process by which activities of an organization, especially those about decision-making are concentrated within particular positions or areas. Centralization can be vertical or horizontal. Vertical centralization is the typical relationship between departments and the board of directors. The board of directors usually provides the general framework of a given policy. The managers of the departments implement the provisions of a policy. Hence, the managers execute the specifics of a given policy. Horizontal centralization is the typical relationship between departments. In organizational theory, some departments are generally important than other departments. For example, the sales department is usually more important than the legal department of a firm precisely because the former holds the future of the firm. The sales department determines the financial status of a firm. Hence, relatively, the actions of the sales department may determine the actions of the other departments. Under centralization, open communication is only possible between managers of several departments and the general manager of the firm, and between the board of directors and the general manager. Open communication between ordinary employees and the management is done through division supervisors (although the information becomes blur as it passes from one level to another). Open information is only possible for high level managers and of course, the board of directors. Standardization is the process of agreeing upon a given set of guidelines for interoperability. Standardization is tantamount to enacting rules to maintain the operability of an organization. Hence, an organization creates standardized procedures in order to provide the employees an efficient and effective means of rendering work to the firm. For example, standardized guidelines for hiring employees allow a given company to select the best and efficient people to occupy vacant positions in the company. In addition, standardization generally prevents work discrimination in a company. This is so since the behavior of all workers in a company is limited by standardized work procedures. Role specialization in industrial sociology is defined as the diversification of job positions in the workplace. As one may note, jobs in most companies are highly diversified. Diversification ensures efficiency and effectiveness of a company. Diversifying job positions saves time and amount for a company. In addition, diversification provides the avenue for increased cooperation and interdependence among workers. For example, rather than employing two script writers, it is efficient for a film production group to employ one script writer and one film reviewer. This saves time for the firm. Autonomy is a condition in which employees are given some freehand over the nature and discourse of their jobs. This is typical of research firms where employees are given deadlines. The employees are free to do anything so long as the prescribed work is finished on or before the given deadline. By giving some autonomy to the employees, alienation is prevented. The employees are able to exercise their work values (professionalism) and skills without institutional limits. The distribution of power in a firm should be made more uniform to allow workers more voice. Resting power to one person or group of persons prevents workers from airing their grievances. Thus, in making the distribution of power more uniform, the firm creates institutions or channels that can absorb all the grievances and needs of the workers. Once the grievances are well documented, negotiation is the only plausible option. In the negotiation process, the management and the workers should have equal powers in terms of negotiation. The options that management will take should be compensated by the actions that the workers will enforce. Technology should be made more human-resource oriented; that is, technology should put under the discretion of both the management and the workers. If the management solely controls the direction of a firm’s technology, the workers loses value. If the control and direction of a firm’s technology solely belongs to the workers (e.g. in communist countries), the firm loses potential earnings. Therefore, there is a need to strike a middle position between the management and the workers. A middle position will enable the two parties to cooperate effectively with regard to the use of technology in the company. In addition, this will make work more participatory (employees and the management). In terms of skill, no substantial changes are necessary except that related skills should be realigned. This will allow more cooperation between employees, and consequently, making work more participatory (since every job in the firm is viewed essential to the continuity of a firm’s operations). Here are then the necessary changes that the management should undertake to make work more participatory: 1) Realigning related jobs – increased cooperation among related jobs increases employee participation and motivation of employees; 2)Putting some technologies of the company under the control of the employees – the employees will determine the production process (work in general), making their perception of the workplace more positive. This will generally increase participation among employees; 3)And, institutionalizing open channels of communication (grievances included) – the needs and grievances of the employees will be taken into account by management. If these needs and grievances are addressed, the management will expect an increased worker propensity to participate in company activities. Reference Hall, Richard and Pamela S. Tolbert. (2004). Organizations: Structures, Processes, and O How to cite Participatory Workplace, Essay examples

The forgotten group memeber case Essay Example

The forgotten group memeber case Essay The facilitator, Christine, is assumed to embrace the same roles and adhere to the equivalent theories defined for a leader. Also, it is believed that the principles taught within Professor Rasmussens Organizational Behaviour class are consistent with those discussed by Dr. Keeping. The outcomes associated with the alternative solutions are based upon the likelihood of their interpretations within the group meeting corresponding with our interpretations of the theories utilized and are not explicitly applied with certainty. Statement of the Problem Due to lack of: clearly defined team roles, demonstrated leadership qualities, effort by all members and acknowledgment of communication barriers, conflict was imminent within the group. Immediate problems to be addressed by all members of the group include Janets feelings of exclusion from the group and Christines lack of insight into the apparent causes of Janets loss of motivation to be a group member. Professor Rasmussen must decide whether to resolve the feelings of inequality between the group members and if delegating a further assignment to Janet is appropriate. Analysis of the Problem As stated in the course outline received by all students at the commencement of the term, group work is considered to be the primary medium through which applying the theories learned in class is to be implemented. Causes of animosity within the group may be attributed to group dynamics, norm formation, leadership inefficiencies, perceptions, conscientiousness and communication barriers. As explained by Professor Rasmussen during the second class, all groups undergo four stages of interaction: forming, norming, storming and performing1. We will write a custom essay sample on The forgotten group memeber case specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The forgotten group memeber case specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The forgotten group memeber case specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These four phases are also referred to as mutual acceptance, communication and decision making, motivation and productivity and control and organization. Interaction amongst those who have had no previous relations together is facilitated through the first stage; where personal preferences and work schedules are exchanged, strengths and weaknesses made apparent and expectations clarified2. The first group meeting held was used to recognize these necessities. The second stage, where norms, goals and performance ideals are mutually established through discussion, should not occur without careful consideration and input by all members. The formation of the group failed to fully complete this stage however, allowing the ambiguous actions of members to be perceived incongruently. Norms are behaviours that social groups deem proper when interacting, so that actions may be consistent and activities made predictable3. To be effective, all must clearly understand and adhere to these expectations for there to be cohesiveness. At the commencement of the semester, Professor Rasmussen defined his norms for the groups and required all students to sign a contract, indicating that all expectations have been acknowledged. Unfortunately, within Christines group, not all members abided by the norms. One member in particular, Janet, failed to fulfill the contract to its fullest extent, however, one should not fault the lack of cohesiveness strictly to Janet. The group accepted the norms delivered by Professor Rasmussen but did not redefine or set out norms to be suitable for them selves. Nor was the contract or its contents reviewed during the group meetings. Therefore, it may be inferred that the group failed to establish strict rules or guidelines, causing the situation they are presently in. Christine, as facilitator, should have ensured that the norms were set as they are a vital aspect of a successful group4. Christines style of leadership throughout this situation may be described using the theory of Leader-Member Exchange. This theory focuses upon the unique relations between a leader and their subordinates. Greater personality similarities contribute to closer relations, allowing for stronger bonds to be forged5. These strong personality connections cause the subordinate to be designated a member of the ingroup. The ingroup consists of those who receive special preferences such as inclusion within social activities that occur outside of the organization. Those subordinates who do not receive this special treatment are considered the outgroup members. As facilitator, Christine did not form a strong inter-personal relationship with Janet, her subordinate. As sole member of the outgroup, Janet did not satisfy the need to relate to her colleagues as defined by ERG; a theory first proposed by Clayton Alderfer that defines the needs of existence, relatedness and growth as essential to human motivation. The need of relatedness is the ability to identify with ones peers and establishing a sense of belongingness6. Janet was not able to experience the cohesiveness established through the extracurricular social interactions. The rest of the members were able to receive these benefits and become highly cohesive due to their designated statuses as members of the ingroup. Because Janet was excluded from the ingroup and was allocated to the outgroup, she was lead to encompass unmotivated behaviours. She was lead to feel unmotivated, as she was a victim of the fundamental attribution error principle. This theory states that one may have their preferences and ideals seen as the primary cause of their actions although situational attributions may be the proper cause7. Janet experienced this bias by the members of her group, as she chose to help her boyfriend with his project instead of meeting with the group at the designated time, as she previously agreed to. From her perspective, she did not intentionally choose to spend the allotted time with her boyfriend, however the group feels that her actions were a blatant attempt to avoid contributing further. This principle was also used by Janet, as she attributed Christines lack of social inclusion to the general dislike of her personality. Due to the diverse personality composition of the group, it is imperative that the leader manages the situation with care to ensure that conflicting ideals do not affect the groups cohesiveness. Stereotypes attributed amongst the members of the group lead to distrust as well as communication problems. A leader must recognize these issues and allocate the required time towards helping the group unify8. When Christine first met with her group, she made stereotypical assumptions about each individual based upon her first impressions and the brief biographies supplied to her. One may describe representativeness heuristics as a method in which a person evaluates others based on characteristics or previous occurrences9. Christine utilizes this principle when she assumes that Janet is unmotivated and uninterested with the group project; as she was late to the first meeting and mentioned all her free time was spent with her boyfriend. This causes the group to feel as though Janet does not want to work with them, which leads her to feel unwelcome. Although Janet has contributed her allotted portion of the assignment, Christine still holds negative feelings due to selective perception10; the ability to omit information, which does not correspond to, established beliefs. Despite the fact that Janet was a fully contributing member, the group continued to hold a negative bias due to her lack of social activity. Also, Mike had the tendency to put forth less effort than other group members, which is looked upon as free riding. A free rider is one who tries to maximize their outputs while minimizing their level of inputs11. Due to his lack of focus and recurring need to bring humour to all situations, Mike is seen as a fully contributing member because of his constant presence. Christines lack of leadership contributed to the differing ways in which each individual was treated, causing the group to have a lack of respect for her position. A persons conscientiousness defines the range of tasks they wish to sustain and the variety of activities in which they chose to involve themselves. A person who appears to focus on effectively completing a small number of goals is viewed as displaying high-conscientiousness. They value the characteristics being responsible, organized and self-disciplined. Anchored at the opposing end of the continuum are those whom are regarded as exhibiting low-conscientiousness. They apply themselves to a large number of responsibilities that often cause them to become overwhelmed by the volume and incapable of applying the effort required. People within this category tend to be careless, irresponsible and lack self-sufficiency12. In applying this theory to the case, it is apparent that Janet tends demonstrate characteristics consistent with a less-conscientious person. She is studying at a university, maintaining two jobs and is fully committed to a serious relationship. Therefore, Janets time is greatly consumed with a larger variety of activities than others within her peer group. This detracts from her performance in the group-case study. Communication is an essential element for coordinating efforts and sharing information within any interpersonal atmosphere13. Barriers to communication arose concerning Mikes free- riding tendencies and Janets failure to attend group meetings regularly due to Christines failure to fulfill the role of facilitator. Instead of avoiding the conflict, Christine should have resolved the issues as they became apparent, for they caused stronger concentration upon Janets individualized status.

College and its Debts Essays

College and its Debts Essays College and its Debts Essay College and its Debts Essay FIDE is nationally known as a private college. That allows students to pursue their career in fashion. There are a total of four campus locations. Altogether they all offer some of the same opportunities. However, becoming a student to any campus can result in coming out in debt or even huge amounts of stress. Although FIDE has such high expectations for its students it also adds to the many issues we already face. Allowing students to live up to their greatest potential. Attending FIDE for nearly 2 months I have become familiar with the campus. It is ere small, colorful, and pretty much a huge circle. Everyone knows each other and it is real easy to make connections with others. As well as building a close relationship with your teachers and counselors. But one thing that needs a major change is the process of students taking out loans in order to attend school. With students going through the process to be enrolled is already a long enough process. Then allowing them to use all there financial aid to cover the half that they need it for, and take out a loan to pay off the amount they cannot pay. Being a student is already enough stress. But having to worry whether or not you will graduate in debt should never be the worries of any student. Going to school for something that you enjoy doing should never become a burden. If you choose to attend a private school that specializes in your major it should be a place that is inexpensive, and has your best interest. Something that I hear on the FIDE campus constantly is students asking other students how theyre paying for school. It is evident by the answers most of them are dependent on their parents or relaying on the fact that they have to take out a student loan.

Biography of Kit Carson

Biography of Kit Carson Kit Carson became widely known in the mid-1800s as a trapper, guide, and frontiersman whose daring exploits thrilled readers and inspired others to venture westward. His life, for many, came to symbolize the hardy traits Americans needed to survive in the West. In the 1840s Carson was being mentioned in newspapers in the East as a noted guide who had lived among the Indians in the region of the Rocky Mountains. After guiding an expedition with John C. Fremont, Carson visited Washington, D.C., in 1847 and was invited to dinner by President James K. Polk. Lengthy accounts of Carons visit to Washington, and accounts of his adventures in the West, were printed widely in newspapers in the summer of 1847. At a time when many Americans were dreaming of heading westward along the Oregon Trail, Carson became something of an inspirational figure. For the next two decades Carson reigned as something of a living symbol of the West. Reports of his travels in the West, and periodic mistaken reports of his death, kept his name in the newspapers. And in the 1850s novels based on his life appeared, making him an American hero in the mold of Davy Crockett and Daniel Boone. When he died in 1868 the Baltimore Sun reported it on page one, and noted that his name has been the synonym of wild adventure and daring to all Americans of the present generation. Early Life Christopher Kit Carson was born in Kentucky on December 24, 1809. His father had been a soldier in the Revolutionary War, and Kit was born the fifth of 10 children in a fairly typical frontier family. The family moved to Missouri, and after Kits father died his mother apprenticed Kit to a sadder. After learning to make saddles for a time, Kit decided to strike out westward, and in 1826, at the age of 15, he joined an expedition that took him along the Santa Fe trail to California. He spent five years on that first western expedition and considered that his education. (He received no actual schooling, and did not learn to read or write until late in life.) After returning to Missouri he left again, joining an expedition to northwestern territories. He was engaged in fighting against the Blackfeet Indians in 1833, and then spent about eight years as a trapper in the western mountains. He married a woman of the Arapahoe tribe, and they had a daughter. In 1842 his wife died, and he returned to Missouri where he left his daughter, Adaline, with relatives. While in Missouri Carson met the politically-connected explorer John C. Fremont, who hired him to guide an expedition to the Rocky Mountains.   Famous Guide Carson traveled with Fremont on an expedition in the summer of 1842. And when Fremont published an account of his trek which became popular, Carson was suddenly a famous American hero.   In late 1846 and early 1847 he fought in battles during a rebellion in California, and in the spring of 1847 he came to Washington, D.C., with Fremont. During that visit he found himself very popular, as people, especially in the government, wanted to meet the famous frontiersman. After having dinner at the White House, he was eager to return West. By the end of 1848 he was back in Los Angeles. Carson had been commissioned an officer in the U.S. Army, but by 1850 he was back to being a private citizen. For the next decade he was engaged in various pursuits, which included fighting Indians and trying to run a farm in New Mexico. When the Civil War broke out he organized a volunteer infantry company to fight for the Union, though it mostly battled with local Indian tribes. An injury to his neck from a horseback accident in 1860 created a tumor that pressed on his throat, and his condition worsened as the years went on. On May 23, 1868, he died at a U.S. Army outpost in Colorado.